Commercial laser printers typically produce pin-sharp images with spots of ink about 20 micrometers apart, resulting in a resolution of 1,200 dots per inch (dpi).

By shrinking the separation to just 250 nanometres — roughly 100 times smaller — a research team at A*STAR can now print images at an incredible 100,000 dpi, the highest possible resolution for a colour image1. These images could be used as minuscule anti-counterfeit tags or to encode high-density data.

 To print the image, the team coated a silicon wafer with insulating hydrogen silsesquioxane and then removed part of that layer to leave behind a series of upright posts of about 95 nanometres high.

They capped these nanoposts with layers of chromium, silver and gold (1, 15 and 5 nanometres thick, respectively), and also coated the wafer with metal to act as a backreflector.

Each colour pixel in the image contained four posts at most, arranged in a square. The researchers were able to produce a rainbow of colours simply by varying the spacing and diameter of the posts to between 50 nanometres and 140 nanometres.

 When light hits the thin metal layer that caps the posts, it sends ripples — known as plasmons — running through the electrons in the metal. The size of the post determines which wavelengths of light are absorbed, and which are reflected (see image).

 The plasmons in the metal caps also cause electrons in the backreflector to oscillate. “This coupling channels energy from the disks into the backreflector plane, thus creating strong absorption that results in certain colours being subtracted from the visible spectrum,” says Joel Yang, who led the team of researchers at the A*STAR Institute of Materials Research and Engineering and the A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing.

Printing images in this way makes them potentially more durable than those created with conventional dyes. In addition, colour images cannot be any more detailed: two adjacent dots blur into one if they are closer than half the wavelength of the light reflecting from them.

Since the wavelength of visible light ranges about 380–780 nanometres, the nanoposts are as close as is physically possible to produce a reasonable range of colours.

 Although the process takes several hours, Yang suggests that a template for the nanoposts could rapidly stamp many copies of the image. “We are also exploring novel methods to control the polarisation of light with these nanostructures and approaches to improve the colour purity of the pixels,” he adds.